熔炼时间对稀土单晶合金坩埚界面反应的影响

为了实现稀土单晶高温合金中稀土含量的稳定控制,明确稀土元素在熔炼过程中参与的坩埚界面反应机理,研究了熔炼时间对含Y高温合金CMSX-4与Al2O3陶瓷坩埚在真空感应熔炼过程中的界面反应和稀土Y收得率的影响。实验结果表明：随着熔炼时间的延长界面反应加剧,熔炼过程中Y首先与Al2O3陶瓷基体发生反应生成Y2O3,生成的Y2O3会继续与Al2O3发生反应生成Y、Al原子比不同的铝酸钇反应层,最终坩埚表面形成的界面反应产物由外层的YAlO3、内层的Y3Al5O12(Y3Al2(AlO4)3) 以及附着的高温合金组成。熔炼10~30min时合金中稀土Y收得量为41.023、4.566和5.368ppm。     

硬质聚氯乙烯管道的技术进步

介绍了PVC-U管道行业的整体情况、PVC树脂及加工助剂的应用情况、建筑用PVC排水管道和压力管道的技术进步,指出了PVC-U管道存在的主要问题和差距,并给出了发展建议。     

Synthesis,Characterization and Evaluation of the Surface Active Properties of Novel Cationic Imidazolium Gemini Surfactants

New imidazolium gemini surfactants were synthesized by reaction of epichlorohydrin with long chain fatty alcohols furnishing products 2-(alkoxymethyl)oxirane followed by their subsequent treatment with imidazole resulting in the formation of 1-(1H-imidazol-1-yl-3 alkoxy)propane-2-ol which on subsequent treatment with 1,2-dibromoethane and 1,3-dibromopropane resulted in the formation of title gemini surfactants:1,2-bis(1(3-alkoxy-2-hydroxypropyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium)ethane bromide (7), 1,3-bis(1(3-alkoxy-2-hydroxypropyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium)propane bromide (8), 1,2-bis(1(3-alkoxy-2-hydroxypropyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium)ethane bromide (9), 1,3-bis(1(3-alkoxy-2-hydroxypropyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium)propane bromide (10), 1,2-bis (1(3-alkoxy-2-hydroxypropyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium)ethane bromide (11) and 1,3-bis (1(3-alkoxy-2-hydroxypropyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium)propane bromide (12). Their identification was based on IR, ¹H-, ¹³C-NMR, DEPT, COSY and mass spectral studies. Their surface active properties were also evaluated on the basis of surface tension and conductivity measurements.     

Effect of Hydrophobicity and Temperature on the Interactions in the Mixed Micelles of Triblock Polymers [(EO76PO29EO76) and (EO19PO69EO19)] with Monomeric and Gemini Surfactants

The interactions in the mixed micelles of two triblock polymers, F68 (EO₇₆PO₂₉EO₇₆) and P123 (EO₁₉PO₆₉EO₁₉), with a series of monomeric (dodecyltrimethyl ammonium bromide, tetradecyltrimethyl ammonium bromide and cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide) and gemini {dimethylene bis(alkyldimethyl ammonium bromide), m-2-m, where m = 10, 12 and 14} cationic surfactants were studied by surface tension and viscosity measurements in aqueous solutions at different temperatures. The mixed micellar and interfacial properties of the binary mixtures were analyzed using Clint, Rubingh, Rosen and Maeda approaches. Both F68 and P123 show weak interactions with the studied cationic surfactants at 298.15 K which become favorable (synergistic) at higher temperatures. Further, the synergistic interactions are more in mixtures of P123 than F68 at higher temperatures. A comparison of the effects of number of EO and PO blocks in triblock polymers on various physicochemical parameters of the mixed micelles has also been made. The unfavorable enthalpy changes are compensated by favorable entropy changes as a result of the hydrophobic effect. The relative viscosity (η _r) studies show that the size of the micelles formed by pure P123 is smaller than those of F68. The values of η _r for the mixed micelles of F68 show significant variation with chain length of gemini surfactants whereas no such effect is seen in mixtures with P123.     

Equilibrium and Dynamic Surface Properties of Sulfosuccinate Surfactants

The equilibrium and dynamic surface tension of three sulfosuccinate surfactants at the air/aqueous solution interface were investigated. Wilhelmy plate method was used to determine critical micelle concentration (CMC) and the equilibrium surface tension (γ _eq). The dynamic surface tensions in the range 10–100 s were measured by maximum bubble pressure method. The well-known Ward–Tordai equation was employed to analyze the adsorption of the sulfosuccinate surfactants. The parameters and effective diffusion coefficients (D _eff) of dynamic surface tension have been calculated and analyzed. The equilibrium surface tension results showed that disodium laureth (3) sulfosuccinate (AEO₃-SS), disodium laureth (6) sulfosuccinate (AEO₆-SS) and disodium alkyl ethoxy glucoside sulfosuccinate (AEG-SS) are surfactants possessing strong surface activity, adsorbing to the interface rapidly and their γ _eq values were in the range 25–32 mN/m. CMC of the three surfactants increases with the number of hydrophilic groups and AEO₃-SS has the lowest CMC. According to the values of some dynamic surface tension parameters, AEG-SS is the most hydrophilic surfactant of them and AEO₃-SS is energetically more favorable to adsorb to the interface than the others. According to Ward–Tordai equation, the D _eff values were calculated, the adsorption mechanism was diffusion controlled at short times and toward the end good evidence was found for an activated-diffusion mechanism with an energy barrier.     

Investigating Factors Affecting Water-In-Diesel Fuel Nanoemulsions

In this work, water-in-diesel fuel nanoemulsions were prepared with mixed nonionic surfactants. Several mixtures of sorbitan monooleate and polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate, with different Hydrophilic–Lipophilic Balance (HLB) values (9.6, 9.8, 10, 10.2 and 10.4) were prepared to achieve the optimal HLB value. Three mixed surfactant concentrations were prepared at 6, 8 and 10 wt% to identify the optimum concentration. Five emulsions with different water contents: 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 % (wt/wt) were prepared using a high energy method under the optimum conditions (HLB = 10 and mixed surfactant concentration = 10 %). The effect of the HLB value, mixed surfactant concentration and water content on the droplet size has been studied. The interfacial tension and thermodynamic properties of the individual and the blended emulsifiers were investigated. Droplet size of the prepared nanoemulsions was determined by dynamic light scattering and the nanoemulsion stability was assessed by measuring the variation of the droplet size as a function of time. From the results obtained, it was found that the mean droplet size was formed between 49.5 and 190 nm depending on the HLB value, surfactant concentration and water content of the blended emulsifiers.     

新型拉压复合型锚杆锚固性能研究Ⅲ：现场试验

针对传统拉力型锚杆存在受力集中、锚固体与岩土体界面黏结强度发挥不充分、抗拔承载力偏低的问题,研发了一种新型拉压复合型锚杆。通过开展现场破坏性试验,对拉力型锚杆及拉压复合型锚杆的承载能力、荷载位移曲线及应变数据进行分析,结果表明：3组拉压复合型锚杆TC12-3、TC11-1、TC21锚杆的平均破坏荷载分别提高至拉力型锚杆的2.81,2.01,2.52倍;拉压复合型锚杆套管内的拉力传递损失率最大为20.5%,在自由段内的拉力传递损失率最大仅为6.8%,拉力传递损失主要发生在承压锚固段上;TC12-3锚杆的受拉锚固段长度最短,单位受拉锚固段长度分担荷载最高;TC21-1锚杆的承压锚固段最短,单位承压锚固段长度分担荷载最高;锚杆破坏时,TC12-3、TC11-1、TC21-1锚杆的受拉承载系数分别为0.398,0.470,0.600;且TC11-1锚杆表现为承压锚固段与受拉锚固段同时破坏,TC12-3、TC21-1锚杆表现为先后破坏;拉压复合型锚杆锚固性能显著提高主要是由于荷载分解作用,界面剪应力双向传递机制及短锚承载效应;从荷载位移曲线来看,拉压复合型锚杆具有较好的抗变形能力,在岩土锚固工程中,具有显著的优势和广阔的应用前景。     

镀Cu层调控AZ31B/TC4激光熔钎焊接特性

采用钛表面电镀铜作为中间层,开展镁(AZ31B)/钛(TC4)对接激光填丝熔钎焊,对镁/钛非互溶不反应焊接体系进行调控. 主要研究了激光功率对镁/钛接头焊接质量的影响规律,进一步分析了不同工艺参数条件下镁/钛界面组织及接头力学性能. 结果表明,铜镀层提高了熔融焊丝在母材表面的润湿铺展并卷入到焊缝组织中,随着激光功率的增加,镁/钛界面形成Ti₃Al反应层的能力提高,界面结合强度随之提高. 在较高激光功率1 700 W时,接头拉伸载荷最高达到3 085 N,为镁母材的76.2%,而接头在较高激光功率下的断裂模式也由完全界面断裂转变为部分界面断裂.     

铜合金的 Gleeble热模拟试验探讨

铜合金由于延展性好、耐磨损、导热性和导电性高等特点,广泛应用于电力、机械制造、化工、汽车、电气仪表和建筑等各个行业领域。但是在新型铜合金材料研发过程中,铜合金的 Gleeble热模拟试验由于电偶焊接难、加热不稳定、均温区难以确定,导致试验失败率高,数据不准确,分析难度大等问题。使用 Gleeble3800系统,系统地研究 Cu-Cr-Zr合金的 Gleeble热模拟试验。通过多种手段解决了以上问题,试验成功率达到 90%以上,大大提高了试验效率。铜合金拉伸试验结果显示,高温条件下样品整体都会发生拉伸变形,但是主要变形集中在中间 6mm的均温区域,中间 6mm的变形量大约在 90%～110%左右。     

K9玻璃与2507不锈钢的真空钎焊

采用不同Ti含量的Sn Ag Cu-x%Ti复合钎料对K9玻璃与2507不锈钢进行了真空钎焊,研究了Ti含量对接头界面组织和力学性能的影响。采用场发射扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、能谱仪(EDS)和光学数码显微镜(OM)对钎焊接头组织结构进行了分析,用万能材料试验机对接头进行了剪切试验测试得到其力学性能,并对断口界面进行了分析。结果表明,接头界面典型组织结构为2507不锈钢/FeSn_2/Fe Sn/Sn(s,s)/Ti-Sn/K9玻璃。随着复合钎料中Ti含量的增加,接头界面中Ti-Sn化合物增多,且剪切强度升高。在钎焊温度为675℃,保温时间为10 min时,接头室温剪切强度最高达7. 3 MPa。钎焊接头断裂于K9玻璃并延伸至钎料中。